Which critical public health concern involves environmental exposures that must be monitored
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Oxford University Press makes no representation, express or implied, that the drug dosages in this book are correct. Readers must therefore always … More Oxford University Press makes no representation, express or implied, that the drug dosages in this book are correct. Readers must therefore always check the product information and clinical procedures with the most up to date published product information and data sheets provided by the manufacturers and the most recent codes of conduct and safety regulations. The authors and the publishers do not accept responsibility or legal liability for any errors in the text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this work. Except where otherwise stated, drug dosages and recommendations are for the non-pregnant adult who is not breastfeeding. You do not currently have access to this chapter. What is Public Health Surveillance:Public Health Surveillance is defined as activities that allow a public health authority to identify, monitor, assess, or investigate potential public health signals, onsets of disease outbreaks, or conditions of public health importance that are conducted, supported, requested, ordered or required (by) and authorized by a Public Health Agency or authority of the United States 45 C.F.R.§ 46.102(l)(2). The following criteria must be met to qualify as Public Health Surveillance:
I. A Public Health Authority:The Common Rule defines a public health authority as an: Agency or authority of the United States, a territory, a political subdivision of a state or territory, an Indian tribe, or a foreign government, or a person or entity acting under a grant of authority from or contract with such agency, including the employees or agents of public agency or its contractors or persons or entities to whom it has granted authority, that is responsible for public health matters as part of its official mandate. OHRP draft guidance specifies that academic institutions such as UC, health care organizations, and non-profit entities, do not constitute public health authorities: OHRP, Activities Deemed Not to Be Research: Public Health Surveillance 2018 Requirements (November 7, 2018) (“OHRP Draft Guidance”).
The following types of involvement from a public health authority may qualify for public health surveillance activity, if conducted by UC:
II. Public Health Surveillance Activity:OHRP’s draft guidance advises that Public Health Surveillance activity: 1. Must generally involve collecting, testing, analyzing, and using information or biospecimens to improve public health and prevent disease; Must serve the purpose of informing a public health authority on taking certain action, such as disseminating information to the public, or issuing orders or guidance; and 2. If the activity is not undertaken with the direct purpose of informing public health decision-making by a public health authority, OHRP does not view it is as a public health surveillance activity (see OHRP Draft Guidance). Some Examples include: information about the spread and control of communicable diseases, injuries and conditions, population vital statistics, tracking of health risk factors and outcomes, and monitoring of environmental hazards and conditions that threaten access to safe workplaces and housing, and clean air, water, and uncontaminated food sources. III. Activity is Limited to That Necessary to Allow the Public Health Authority to Identify, Monitor, Assess, or InvestigatePublic health surveillance activities are deemed not to be research only if they are limited to activities necessary to directly allow a public health authority to identify, monitor, assess, or investigate potential public health signals, onsets of disease outbreaks, or conditions of public health importance (including trends, signals, risk factors, and patterns in diseases or injuries). OHRP describes such activities as:
The activities above must be carried out to address potential public health signals, onsets of disease outbreaks, or conditions affecting health and safety, such as infectious and chronic diseases, injury, including those related to medical products, and mental health ( see OHRP Draft Guidance). ResearchSurveillance activities are likely to be “research” and subject to the Common Rule when they involve the collection and analysis of health-related data conducted either to generate knowledge that may apply to populations and settings other than the ones from which the data were originally collected, or to contribute to new knowledge about a health condition. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provides this helpful guidance: “Surveillance systems most easily fit in [research] if they entail longitudinal data collection systems (such as follow-up surveys and registries) that allow for hypothesis testing; if the scope of the data is broad and includes more information than occurrence of a health- related problem; if analytic analyses can be conducted; and if cases are identified in order to be included in subsequent studies.” CDC, Distinguishing Public Health Research and Public Health Nonresearch Policy (July 2010) (accessed May 14, 2020) (“CDC Policy”). Important Note: While secondary research can be carried out in tandem with a public health surveillance activity, that portion of the project that is not public health surveillance is not subject to the research exclusion. OHRP Draft Guidance. In such circumstances, the research component of the protocol (for example, the secondary research analysis) should be reviewed separately from the public health surveillance activity. The table below illustrates how OHRP and public health agencies would likely view various types of activities:
In determining whether an activity constitutes public health surveillance or research, the UCSF IRB will determine (based on a submitted application and consultation): If a project is a public health surveillance activity, the project must still comply with applicable laws and regulations governing the relevant population, such as privacy laws. The public health authority may also require adherence with ethical guidelines for the conduct of the project. What is disease surveillance in public health?Disease surveillance is an information-based activity involving the collection, analysis and interpretation of large volumes of data originating from a variety of sources. The information collated is then used in a number of ways to. Evaluate the effectiveness of control and preventative health measures.
What is passive surveillance in public health?Passive surveillance: a system by which a health jurisdiction receives reports submitted from hospitals, clinics, public health units, or other sources. Passive surveillance is a relatively inexpensive strategy to cover large areas, and it provides critical information for monitoring a community's health.
What are the types of disease surveillance?EBS is one of two main types of surveillance used to identify and track infectious diseases and other public health events. These two types of public health surveillance – event-based surveillance and indicator-based surveillance – complement one another.
Why is Epidemiologic Surveillance important for public health?Disease surveillance data is used to determine the need for public health action. During a public health emergency response, epidemiology is used to understand the needs of affected populations, the nature of the disease or exposure, and to inform control activities.
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