Remote Desktop Gateway vs RDP
How secure is Windows Remote Desktop?Remote Desktop sessions operate over an encrypted channel, preventing anyone from viewing your session by listening on the network. However, there is a vulnerability in the method used to encrypt sessions in earlier versions of RDP. This vulnerability can allow unauthorized access to your session using a man-in-the-middle attack. Show
Remote Desktop can be secured using SSL/TLS in Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 10 and Windows Server 2003/2008/2012/2016. *Some systems listed are no longer supported by Microsoft and therefore do not meet Campus security standards. If unsupported systems are still in use, a security exception is required. While Remote Desktop is more secure than remote administration tools such as VNC that do not encrypt the entire session, any time Administrator access to a system is granted remotely there are risks. The following tips will help to secure Remote Desktop access to both desktops and servers that you support. collapse all expand all Basic Security Tips for Remote Desktop1. Use strong passwordsStrong passwords on any accounts with access to Remote Desktop should be considered a required step before enabling Remote Desktop. Refer to the campus password complexity guidelines for tips. 2. Use Two-factor authenticationDepartments should consider using a two-factor authentication approach. This topic is beyond the scope of this article, but RD Gateways can be configured to integrate with the Campus instance of DUO. Other unsupported by campus options available would be a simple mechanism for controlling authentication via two-factor certificate based smartcards. This approach utilizes the Remote Desktop host itself, in conjunction with YubiKey and RSA as examples. 3. Update your softwareOne advantage of using Remote Desktop rather than 3rd party remote admin tools is that components are updated automatically with the latest security fixes in the standard Microsoft patch cycle. Make sure you are running the latest versions of both the client and server software by enabling and auditing automatic Microsoft Updates. If you are using Remote Desktop clients on other platforms, make sure they are still supported and that you have the latest versions. Older versions may not support high encryption and may have other security flaws. 4. Restrict access using firewallsUse firewalls (both software and hardware where available) to restrict access to remote desktop listening ports (default is TCP 3389). Using an RDP Gateway is highly recommended for restricting RDP access to desktops and servers (see discussion below). As an alternative to support off-campus connectivity, you can use the campus VPN software to get a campus IP address and add the campus VPN network address pool to your RDP firewall exception rule. Visit our pagefor more information on the campus VPN service. 5. Enable Network Level AuthenticationWindows 10, Windows Server 2012 R2/2016/2019 also provide Network Level Authentication (NLA) by default. It is best to leave this in place, as NLA provides an extra level of authentication before a connection is established. You should only configure Remote Desktop servers to allow connections without NLA if you use Remote Desktop clients on other platforms that don't support it.
6. Limit users who can log in using Remote DesktopBy default, all Administrators can log in to Remote Desktop. If you have multiple Administrator accounts on your computer, you should limit remote access only to those accounts that need it. If Remote Desktop is not used for system administration, remove all administrative access via RDP, and only allow user accounts requiring RDP service. For Departments that manage many machines remotely remove the local Administrator account from RDP access at and add a technical group instead.
A typical MS operating system will have the following setting by default as seen in the Local Security Policy: The problem is that Administrators is here by default, and your Local Admin account is in administrators. Although a password convention to avoid identical local admin passwords on the local machine and tightly controlling access to these passwords or conventions is recommended, using a local admin account to work on a machine remotely does not properly log and identify the user using the system. It is best to override the local security policy with a Group Policy Setting. To control access to the systems, even more, using Restricted Groups via Group Policy is also helpful. If you use a Restricted Group setting to place your group, e.g., CAMPUS\LAW-TECHIES into Administrators and Remote Desktop Users, your techies will still have administrative access remotely, but using the steps above, you have removed the problematic local administrator account having RDP access. Going forward, whenever new machines are added in the OU under the GPO, your settings will be correct. 7. Set an account lockout policyBy setting your computer to lock an account for a set number of incorrect guesses, you will help prevent hackers from using automated password guessing tools from gaining access to your system (this is known as a "brute-force" attack). To set an account lockout policy:
Best Practices for Additional Security1. Do not allow direct RDP access to clients or servers from off campus.Having RDP (port 3389) open to off campus networks is highly discouraged and is a known vector for many attacks. The options below list ways of improving security while still allowing RDP access to system. Once an RDP gateway has been set up, hosts should be configured to only allow RDP connections from the Gateway host or campus subnets where needed. 2. Use RDP Gateways (Best Option)Using an RDP Gateway is strongly recommended. It provides a way to tightly restrict access to Remote Desktop ports while supporting remote connections through a single "Gateway" server. When using an RD Gateway server, all Remote Desktop services on your desktop and workstations should be restricted to only allow access only from the RD Gateway. The RD Gateway server listens for Remote Desktop requests over HTTPS (port 443) and connects the client to the Remote Desktop service on the target machine.
In essence, a simple change on the advanced tab of your RDP client is all that is necessary: 3.Change the listening port for Remote DesktopChanging the listening port will help to "hide" Remote Desktop from hackers who are scanning the network for computers listening on the default Remote Desktop port (TCP 3389). This offers effective protection against the latest RDP worms such, as Morto. To do this, edit the following registry key (WARNING: do not try this unless you are familiar with the Windows Registry and TCP/IP): HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Terminal Server\WinStations\RDP-Tcp. Change the listening port from 3389 to something else and remember to update any firewall rules with the new port. Although this approach is helpful, it is security by obscurity, which is not the most reliable security approach. You should ensure that you are also using other methods to tighten down access as described in this article. 4. Tunnel Remote Desktop connections through IPSec or SSHIf using an RD Gateway is not feasible, you can add an extra layer of authentication and encryption by tunneling your Remote Desktop sessions through IPSec or SSH. IPSec is built-in to all Windows operating systems since Windows 2000, but use and management are greatly improved in Windows 10 (see: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/network/bb531150). If an SSH server is available, you can use SSH tunneling for Remote Desktop connections. 5. Use existing management tools for RDP logging and configurationUsing other components like VNC or PCAnywhere is not recommended because they may not log in a fashion that is auditable or protected. With RDP, logins are audited to the local security log, and often to the domain controller auditing system. When monitoring local security logs, look for anomalies in RDP sessions such as login attempts from the local Administrator account. RDP also has the benefit of a central management approach via GPO as described above. Whenever possible, use GPOs or other Windows configuration management tools to ensure a consistent and secure RDP configuration across all your servers and desktops. By enforcing the use of an RDP gateway, you also get a third level of auditing that is easier to read than combing through the domain controller logins and is separate from the target machine so it is not subject to tampering. This type of log can make it much easier to monitor how and when RDP is being used across all the devices in your environment. Restrict Access to RDP with Windows FirewallIf you have a campus-managed computer:
If you have a personally-managed computer and Administrator access:
Settings > Update and Security > Windows Security > Firewall and Network Protection > Advanced Settings > Inbound Rules > Remote Desktop - User Mode (TCP-In) > Properties > Scope > Remote IP address > Add > This IP address or subnet
Campus IP addresses and subnetsBased on your needs, choose only authorized campus IP addresses and subnets to connect to your computers RDP service. Network Operations & Services maintains thesource list of UC Berkeley Campus Networks, but some common examples are included below for reference. IST RD Gateway
Campus Remote Access VPN Networks (bSecure Remote Access Services with GlobalProtect)
Campus Networks (onsite) To access your system via RDP while on campus, add the appropriate campus wireless or wired networks to your firewall rule:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |