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Andelt (1985) Coyote Ca Not given 48 a + s < 100 m apart Average distance apart and travelled together; simple ratio Table: assoc, coeff. by age/ sex class: line graph: by age/sex class & season (simple ratio) Compare six reproductive stages Arcese et al. (1995) Oribi Un Not given 236 a + s In the same group (= within 100 m of another group member) No. of dyadic associations Line graph: % dyads intact over 5 years Compare dyads intact in each study year Arnold et al. (1981) Dorset Horn sheep Un 13 (captive) 13 a + s In the same grid square (400 m2 when grazing, 50 m2 when camped) Simple ratio Single linkage cluster analysis Compare age classes of individuals Arnold et al. (1981) Southdown sheep Un 35 (captive) 35 a + s In the same grid square (400 m2 when grazing, 50 m2 when camped) Simple ratio Principal coordinates analysis Compare age classes of individuals Balance (1990) Bottlenose dolphin Ce ~ 155 155 m/c prs. excl. In the same group (= sighted together repeatedly); surfacing together Twice-weight Average linkage cluster analysis Discuss fluidity of surfacing associations Behrends et al. (1986) Merriam’s kangaroo Ro Not given 60 s Home ranges overlap % range overlap Table: mean assoc, coeff. by sex class Compare three study periods Bell and Ford (1986) Striated thornbill Bi ≥ 44 44 s Seen together % of joint occurrences Cluster analysis Discuss variation of group size with season Bigg et al., (1990) Killer whale Ce 261 (in 1987) All a + s Photographed together Cole’s index Average single-link cluster analysis Compare mother– offspring bonds in 4-year groups Braeger et al. (1994) Bottlenose dolphin Ce Not given 1000 No Members of the same group (= observed in apparent association) Half-weight Histogram of classes of association coefficients Compare association coefficient for 2 years Byrne et al. (1989) Drakensberg mountain baboon Pr Not given 26 (this study) a + s Participants in grooming or approach/retreat interactions; nearest neighbors Counts of grooming, nearest neighbor and approach/ retreat interactions Average link cluster analysis; sociogram; matrix only (approach/ retreat) Discuss variation with season Cantoni and Vogel (1989) Greater whitetoothed shrew In Not given 26 s Within 1 m of one another; in the same nest; home ranges overlap Simple ratio; proportion of home range overlap Sociogram; map of home ranges Compare winter with breeding season Chapman (1990) Spider monkey Pr 42 (within study area) 35 a + s In the same subgroup (= coordinated activities, close spatial contact) Twice-weight Cluster analysis Discuss sociability in re: to food availability Chepko-Sade et al. (1989) Rhesus monkey Pr Not given 126 a + s Participants in grooming interaction Counts of being groomed & grooming; prop, of total group grooming Cluster analysis: sociogram Not considered Clarke and FitzGerald (1994) Bell miner Bi 9 to 58 (on study site) all a + s Ranges overlap Proportion of foraging range overlap Map of range overlap Not considered Corradino (1990) Japanese macaque Pr 14 (captive) 14 a + s Within 1.5 m of each other Half-weight Nonmetric multidimensional scaling Compare breeding and nonbreeding seasons Deng and Zhao (1987) Stump-tailed macaque Pr Not given 29 a + s Within 5 m: participants in affiliative or agonistic interaction Half-weight; counts of agonistic interactions Single-link cluster analysis: matrix only (agonistic interactions) Compare sociability of different age classes Digby (1995) Common marmoset Pr Not given 33 (this study) a + s Participants in dominant/subordinate or grooming interaction; nearest neighbor (< 2 m) Proportion of nearest neighbor & grooming interactions; counts of dominant/subordinate interactions Sociogram; matrix only (dominant/subordinant interactions) Discuss changes in sociability prior to emigration Eckman (1979) Willow tit Bi 21 (on study site) 20 a + s In the same group (= foraging close together) Twice-weight Histogram of obs. and exp. prop, of joint occurrences Not considered Eckman (1979) Crested tit Bi 13 (on study site) 12 a + s In the same group (= foraging close together) Twice-weight Histogram of obs. and exp. prop, of joint occurrences Not considered Festa- Bianchet (1991) Bighorn sheep Un Not given 360 a + s In the same group (group not defined) Counts of joint occurrences Table: ratio of obs. to exp. joint occurrences by age/ sex class Compare ewe–offspring association by age of offspring Ficken et al (1981). Black capped chickadee Bi Not given Most s Nearest associate (< 3 m): arrive) feeder within 1 min of each other:) feeder area within the same hour: participants in agressive encounter Half-weight: counts of outcomes of agonistic interactions Matrices only Compare early and late prebreeding seasons Frank (1986a b) Spotted hyaena Ca ~ 3000 60–80 (this study) a + s Present within the clan (= all study animals): participants in agonistic interaction Occurrence within the clan: counts of outcomes of agonistic interactions Sighting history diagram. matrix only (agonistic interactions) Compare clan membership for 4 years Ginsberg (1989) Grevy's Zebra Un Not given 1084 s In the same group (group not defined) Rate of group turnover Line graph of % group remaining by study day Graph % group remaining by day Goodall (1986) Chimpanzee Pr ~ 160 all a + s In the same party (= travel. feed and sleep together) Twice-weight Sociogram Present raw data matrices by day for different years Greenberg- Cohen et al. (1994) Nubian ibex Un ~ 300 45 a + s Participants in agonistic interaction Counts of outcomes of agonistic interactions Matrix only Compare hourly rate of interaction through day Herrera and Macdonald (1987) Capybara Ro Not given Not given a + s In the same group (= frequently present & generally tolerated) Occurrence within group Sighting history diagram Compare group membership in two years Hillman (1987) Common eland Un Not given ~ 180 a + s In the same group (= within 50 m & moving in same direction or behaving similarily) Cole's index Table: frequency of classes of assoc. coeff. by age/sex class; sighting history diagram Compare duration of association by age class Hirotani (1990) Reindeer Un ~ 130 All a + s In the same group (= apart from other aggregations; coordinating activities) Twice-weight Bar chart: mean assoc. coeff. between moms and diff. aged daughters by season Compare nonrutting I & II and calving seasons Johnson (1989) Red-necked wallaby Ma 98 adults (within study area) 98 a + s In the same group (= a gathering in one place; within 30 m of one another) Half-weight Line graph: mean assoc. coeff. by age/sex class vs companion rank Compare ♀ sociability in different reproductive stages Kappeler (1993) Ringtailed lemur Pr 10 (captive) 10 a + s Nearest neighbor: participants in affiliative or agonistic interaction Proportion of nearest neighbor occurrences; counts of affiliative and agonistic interactions Table: obs. & exp. nearest neighbor scores by sex class: matrices only (affinitive & agonistic interactions) Not considered Kappeler (1993) Redfronted lemur Pr 8 (captive) 8 a + s Nearest neighbor: participants in affiliative or agonistic interaction Proportion of nearest neighbor occurrences; counts of affiliative and agonistic interactions Table: obs. & exp. nearest neighbor scores by sex class: matrices only (affinitive & agonistic interactions) Not considered Kappeler (1993) Crowned lemur Pr 4 (captive) 4 a + s Nearest neighbor; participants in affiliative or agonistic interaction Proportion of nearest neighbor occurrences; counts of affiliative and agonistic interactions Table: obs. & exp. nearest neighbor scores by sex class; matrices only (affinitive & agonistic interactions) Not considered Karlsson (1988) Bank vole Ro Not given 23 s Home ranges overlap Proportion of home range overlap Table: obs. & exp. assoc, coeff.; map of home ranges Compare home ranges in different months Knight (1970) Elk Un 2000–3000 209 a + s Observed together Half-weight Table: frequency of classes of assoc, coeff. Compare mean coefficients in different seasons Koenig and Rothe (1991) Common
marmoset Pr 8 (captive) 8 a + s In proximity (< 1 m) Counts of intervals in proximity SSociogram Compare before & after birth of infants Kozhurina (1993) Noctule bat Ch 27 (captive) 27 a + s At the same roost site Dimensionless information index Nonmetric multidimensional scaling Not considered Lawrence and Wood-Gush (1988) Scottish blackface sheep Un Not given 62 a + s Used the same grid areas Euclidian distance Ward’s error sum of squares cluster analysis Compare four seasons Lawrence (1990) Scottish hill sheep Un Not given 12 ewe- daughter pairs (this study) a + s In the same group (= within 30 m of another member) Proportion of joint occurrences Cluster analysis; line graph: median ewe-lamb assoc, coefficient by season Compare associations by seasons Lazo (1994) Feral cattle Un ≤ 140 (> 1 year old) at any one time All a + s In the same group (= cohesive behavior & spatial distribution) Social affinity index; proportion of home range overlap Average linkage cluster analysis Compare home range overlap for four seasons Le Pendu et at. (1995) Mouflon Un ~ 127 62 a + s In the same group (= within 80 m of nearest neighbor) Square-root; relative mother–offspring affinities Correspondence factorial analysis Calculate proportion of associates remaining by day Leuthold (1979) Giraffe Un Not given Not given a + s In the same group (= within 500 m & not moving in different directions) Half-weight; occurr home range overlap ence of Histogram: assoc, coeff. by age/sex class; map of home ranges Compare association coefficients by age class Lott and Minta (1983) American bison Un 400 16 cows & 8 calves study) a + s In the same group (= within 90 m of another group member) Square-root; distance coefficient Average linkage cluster analysis Compare pre- and post- cow–calf separation Marinelli and Messier (1993) Muskrat Ro Not given 18 radio- tagged s Home ranges overlap % home range overlap Map of home ranges Calculate % overlap for 5 months Matthysen et al. (1992) Red-breasted nuthatch Bi ~ 33 (on study site) 21 s Within 50 m of each other: home ranges overlap Twice-weight: proportion home range of overlap Matrix only; map of home ranges Not considered McWilliam(1988) Free-tailed bat Ch ~ 107 107 a + s Caught at the same roost Occurrences at same roost Sighting history diagram Compare roost composition in two years Mitani (1986) Japanese macaque Pr 28 (study pop. = 1 troop) 12 (this study) a + s In proximity (< 20 m); participants in vocal exchange or grooming interaction Reciprocal value of proximity frequency; counts of vocal exchange and allogr ooming Average linkage cluster analysis; sociogram Not considered Mobley and Herman (1985) Humpback whale Ce Not given 32 (this study) Calf not( In the same group (= within a few body lengths & engaged in synchronous activity or interacting closely) Rate of membership change per pod per hour Line graph of biweekly rate of change over study period Discuss affiliations and disaffiliations observed during study Morland (1991) Ruffed lemur Pr 26 (study communities)pop. = 2 11 a + s Participants in affiliative interaction Proportion of affiliative interaction Sociogram Compare warm and cool seasons Moss and Poole (1983) African elephant Pb 615 615 a + s Sighted together Simple ratio Sociogram Discuss changes in relation to ecological factors Murray (1981) Impala Un Not given 443 a + s In the same group (group not defined) Half-weight Maximum spanning tree Plot mean assoc, coeff. by age class Myers (1983) Sanderling Bi 80–400 ~ 25% no In the same flock (flock not defined) Twice-weight Histogram of observed and expected coherence distributions Graph probability of remaining associated vs time (days) for three seasons Nakagawa (1992) Patas monkey Pr Not given 8 (this study) a + s In proximity (3 m); exchange contact calls: participants in grooming: rest in the me tree) night Half-weight (proximity. calling & allogrooming): proportion of night coresting Sociogram Compare individuals of different age classes Newberry and Wood- Gush (1986) Domestic pig Un Not given (captive) 26 (this study) a + s Resting together; performing coincident behaviors; participants in butting or sniffing interactions; nearest neighbors Half-weight; coincident behaviors; nearest neighbor occurrences and butting & sniffing interactions Single link cluster analysis; sociograms Compare associations at different ages of piglets Norris et al. (1994) Hawaiian Spinner dolphin Ce ~ 1000 36 (this study) No In the same school Simple ratio (calculated for 1 pair) Sighting history diagram Discuss changes in observed associations Pages- Feuillade (1988) Grey lesser mouse lemur Pr Not given 9 a + s Within 10 m of one another; home ranges overlap Half-weight; % home range overlap; prop, of joint occurrences Sociogram; map of home ranges; matrix only (joint occurrences) Discuss varying sociability with ♀ estrus state Palomares and Delibes (1993) Egyptian mongoose Ca Not given 24 a + s In the same resting site; < 10 m apart Simple ratio; home range overlap Sociogram; map of home ranges Compare home range overlap for 2 years Parker et al. (1995) Black vulture Bi Not given 17 (this study) a At the same roost Simple ratio Matrix only Not considered Penzhorn (1984) Cape mountain Un 117–148 All a + s In the same group (= bachelor group of ♂ < 5 but > Half-weight Principal components analysis Compare associations in 103-month periods Poole (1995) Lynx Ca Not given 51 a + s Home ranges overlap;
Sc???? O Coefficient of sociality (Sc); % home range overlap Table: assoc, coefficients; map of home ranges Compare home range overlap in different years Rayor (1988) Gunnison’s prairie dog Ro 2 sites: 1000–1500; 125 Not given a + s Home ranges overlap; participants in agonistic or amicable interaction % home range & space use overlap: counts of agonistic & amicable interactions Table: association coefficient by age/sex class Not considered Reinhardt and Reinhardt (1981) Zebu cattle Un 47–108 (captive) 29 ♀’s(this study) a + s Participants in social grazing or social licking Simple ratio; % social licking occurrences Sociogram Compare different years of study Rood (1989) Slender mongoose Ca 6 adults + young on study site 6 a + s Sighted in proximity Counts of joint occurrences Matrix only Not considered Rowell (1993)and Rowell Feral sheep Un 40–60 All a + s Present in the same group (group not defined) in all 3 seasons Occurrence in same group in 3 seasons None Compare group membership in 3 years Schaller (1972) Lion Ca 2000–2400 216 a + s Seen together: participants in head rubbing or social licking Half-weight; occurrences of social licking and head rubbing Matrices only Compare association coefficient for 2 years Schilder (1992) Mixed group of Grant and Chapman plains zebras Un 23–29 (captive) All a + s Within 8 m of one another: participants in affiliative interaction Simple ratio; occurrence of affiliative interactions Sociogram Compare pre- & postharem takeover periodss Shane and McSweeney (1990) Short-finned pilot whale Ce Not given Not given a + s In the same pod (pod not defined) Half-weight Sighting history diagram Not considered Shapiro (1986) Coral reef fish Fi Not given 66 a + s Together at one of three positions Simple ratio Matrix only Measure changes in rate of movement between subgroups after experimental manipulation Slooten et al. (1993). Hector’s dolphin Ce 3000–4000 79 s In the same group (group not defined) or cluster of groups (≤ 200 m) Half-weight; simple ratio; standardized reassociation rate Average linkage cluster analysis; rate plotted against time intervals Plot reassociation rate as a function of time Smith and Van Buskirk (1988) Black-capped chickadees Bi Not given 114 a + s In the same foraging group (= foraging together & separated from others) Half-weight Average linkage cluster analysis Discuss frequent changes in group memberships Smolker et al (1992) Bottlenose dolphin Ce Not given 56 (this stud y) a + s Sighted in the same party (= within 10m of another member) Half-weight Sociogram and multi dimensional scaling Present a sociogram for each of 5 years Somers et al (1995) Warthog Un Not given 47 a + s Participants in one of 8 types of interactions Rates per hour of eight types of interaction Matrix only Discuss variation with season Sugiyama (1988) Chimpanzee Pr 17–22 all a + s Participants in grooming interaction: in proximity (< 1 s m) Counts of allogrooming and proximity interactions Matrix only Compare 2 study periods Sullivan (1990) Red junglefowl Bi 35–50 27 (this study) s seen together Half-weight Average link cluster analysis Compare ♀ associations with & without chicks Sun and Dai (1995) Chinese water deer Un Not given 23 a + s Within 20 m of one another and coordinating behavior Twice-weight Matrix of mean association coefficients by sex class Discuss variations in association with mating phase Tilson et al. (1988) Przewalski horse Un 8 (captive) 8 a + s Within 1 body length of one another; participants in agonistic interactions Simple ratio; counts of agonistic interactions Histogram of observed associations; matrix only (agonistic interactions) Discuss uncertainty in longevity of association Ueda (1986) Fan-tailed warbler Bi Not given 786 s Mate with one another Counts of breeding attempts Sighting history diagram Compare 4 breeding seasons Underwood(1981) Common eland Un 70– 80 all > 18 mo. a + s Sighted together Half-weight Maximum spanning tree Plot prop, of companions remaining by day Waser and Waser(1985) White-tailed mongoose Ca Not given 24 a + s Within 100 m of each other Counts of joint occurrences Matrix only Not considered Waterman(1995) Cape ground Ro squirrel Ro 68–79 in study site All a + s Participants in one of 11 types of interactions % of 11 diff. types of interactions Bar chart; mean assoc, coeff. by sex class Not considered Weinrich(1991) Humpback whale Ce not given 57 (this study) a + s Within 2 body lengths and behaving in a consistently coordinated manner Twice-weight Histogram: association coefficients Discuss splitting and rejoining observed during study Wells et al. (1987) Bottlenose dolphin Ce ~ 100 77 (this study) a + s Sighted together Half-weight Matrix of association coefficient by age/sex class Compare association coefficients by age class White and Burgman (1990) Pygmy chimpanzee Pr Not given 42 s In the same party (party not defined); nearest neighbor (< 5 m) Twice-weight; proportion of nearest neighbor occurrences Average linkage cluster analysis: principal coordinates analysis Suggest party sighting data temporally autocorrelated Whitehead et al. (1991) Sperm whale Ce ~ 3500 1295 No Photographed within 2 h of one another Standardized reassociation rale Rate plotted against time intervals Graph probability of remaining associated vs time (days) Wilkinson (1985) Common vampire bat Ch Not given 205 + 319 (two sites) a + s Roosting in the same tree Half-weight Matrix of obs arid exp. assoc, coefficients Not considered Williams (1986) Short-tailed leaf-nosed bat Ch Not given Not given a + s Roosting at the same site Proportion of joint occurrences None Not considered Wursig (1978) Bottlenose dolphin Ce Not given 53 m/c prs noted Surfaced within 3 sec of one another Occurrence of joint surfacings Table: observed associates; sighting history diagram Compare surfacing association on two days Yanagisawa (1993) Cichlid fish Fi Not given 33 a + s Forage together (< 50 cm); home ranges overlap; participant in agonistic encounter % of total observation time in association; counts of home range overlap; rate of agonistic encounters Map of home ranges; table: rate per hour of agonistic interactions by sex class Not considered Yeager (1990) Proboscis monkey Pr Not given Not given a + s Nearest neighbor Square-root Cluster analysis Not considered

How is data read from an optical disc?

Is DVD memory optical storage?

How is data stored on optical discs such as CDs and DVDs?

Can DVD