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| Definition of Psychology | Scientific study of behavior and mental process |
| Psychological frame of mind | critical thinking, curiosity, skepticism, objectivity |
| critical thinking | process of thinking deeply and actively, asking questions and evaluating evidence. scientist are critical thinkers |
| empirical method | gaining knowledge through the observation of events, the collection of data, and logical reasoning |
| Psychology as the science of all human behavior | the scope of psychology as a whole is much more of that than the clinical psychologist who treat and study psychological disorders |
| basic questions of human behavior | How do we learn? what is memory? why does one person grow and flourish while another struggles? |
| Structuralism | Wundt's [1832-1920] approach to discovering the basic elements, or structures, of mental process. |
| functionalism | James's[1842-1910] approach to mental processes, emphasizing the functions and purposes of the mind and behavior in the individuals adaption to the environment |
| natural selection | Darwin's[1809-1882] principle of an evolutionary process in which organisms that are best adapted to their environment will survive and produce offspring |
| fight or flight | instinctive psychological response to a threatening situation, which readies one either to resist forcibly or to run away. |
| contemporary approaches to psychology | biological, behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, evolutionary, and sociocultural. |
| biological approach | emphasizes the study of the body, especially the brain and nervous system. |
| neuroscience | scientific study of the structure, function, development, genetics, and biochemistry of the nervous system. |
| behavioral approach | scientific study of observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants. |
| Psychodynamic approach | emphasizes unconscious thought, the conflict between the biological drives and demands, and early childhood family experiences |
| humanistic approach | emphasizes a person's positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth, and the freedom to choose ones destiny. |
| cognitive approach | emphasizes the mental processes involved in knowing: how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems. |
| Sociocultural approach | examines the influences of social and cultural environments on behavior. |
| Evolutionary approach | uses evolutionary ideas such as adaption, reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors. |
| scientific method | observing some phenomenon, formulating hypothesis and prediction, testing through empirical research, drawing conclusions, evaluating conclusions |
| variable | anything that can change |
| hypothesis | testable prediction that derives logically from a theory. |
| operational definition | provides an objective of how a variable is going to be measured and observed in a particular study |
| descriptive research | finding out about some variable |
| correlational research | discovering relationships between variables |
| experimental research | establishing casual relationships |
| case study | conducted when a researcher take a in-depth single look at an individual. |
| third variable problem | occurs when an extraneous that has not been measured accounts for the relationship between two variables. |
| longitudinal design | another way of controlling for causation is to employ a certain kind of systematic observation |
| experiment | a carefully regulated procedure in which the researcher manipulates one or more variables that are believed to influence some other variable. |
| random assignment | researchers assign participants to groups by chance. |
| experiments have two types of experiments: | independent and dependent |
| independent variable | variable that is manipulated in an experiment |
| confederate | person who is given a role in an experiment in order to manipulate the social context |
| dependent variable | result of manipulating the independent variable |
| experimental group | group whose variable is manipulated |
| control groups | serve as baseline for comparison |
| validity | refers to the soundness of conclusions of a researcher draws from an experiment |
| external validity | whether the experimental designs is representative of real world issues. |
| internal validity | whether changes in the dependent variable are actually due to the manipulation of the independent variable. |
| experimental bias | occurs when the experimenters expectations influence the result of the study |
| demand characteristics | any aspects of a study that that communicate to the participants how the experimenter wants them to behave |
| research participants bias | occurs when the participant behavior during an experiment is influenced by how the participants believe he or she is supposed to be behaving. |
| placebo effect | the situations where participants expectations, rather than the experimental treatment, produce an experimental outcome. |
| placebo | sugar pill |
| double blind experiment | neither the experimenter nor the participant is aware of which participants are in the experimental group or control group |
| three types of research | descriptive, correlational, experimental |
What approach to psychology emphasizes a person's positive qualities?
The humanistic approach emphasizes a person's positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth and the freedom to choose one's destiny. Humanistic psychology begins with the existential assumptions that phenomenology is central ad that people have free will.
What psychology movement emphasizes human strengths optimal traits and qualities that reflect the best of humanity?
Humanistic psychology is a perspective that emphasizes looking at the whole individual and stresses concepts such as free will, self-efficacy, and self-actualization. Rather than concentrating on dysfunction, humanistic psychology strives to help people fulfill their potential and maximize their well-being.
What does the cognitive approach emphasize?
The cognitive approach is a theoretical orientation that emphasizes a person's: mental processes and knowledge.
What approach to psychology emphasizes unconscious thoughts?
The Psychodynamic Perspective
The psychodynamic perspective originated with the work of Sigmund Freud. This view of psychology and human behavior emphasizes the role of the unconscious mind, early childhood experiences, and interpersonal relationships to explain human behavior, as well as to treat mental illnesses.