Structural-functional theory suggests that traditional sex roles emerged in hunting and gathering societies where they promoted the efficient functioning of the family. Each sex played a role that complemented the role played by the other, with men taking the instrumental part and women the expressive.
a. It ignores the fact that many women have had to work outside the home due to necessity.
b. It ignores the personal strains and social costs produced by rigid gender
roles.
c. It legitimizes the status quo.
Social-conflict theory explains contemporary sex roles in terms of dominance, subordination, and sexism.
a. It casts conventional families as morally evil.
b. It minimizes the extent to which people live happily in families.
c. It argues, perhaps falsely, that capitalism stands at the root of gender stratification.
This perspective draws heavily on the work of Friedrich Engels, who felt that capitalism intensified male
domination.
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Gender stratification shapes the workplace.
* A major of women are now in the paid labor force, but 38% hold clerical or service jobs.
* Comparing full-time U.S. workers, women earn 77% as much as men.
Gender stratification shapes family life:
* Most unpaid housework is performed by women, whether or not they hold jobs outside the home.
* Pregnancy and raising small children keep many women out of the labor force at a time when their make peers are making important
career gains.
Gender stratification shapes education:
* Women now earn 59% of all associate and bachelor's degrees.
* Women make up 47% of law school students and are in increasing share of graduates in professions traditionally dominated by men, including medicine and business administration.
Gender stratification shapes politics:
* Although the number of women in politics has increased significantly, the vast majority of elected officials, especially at the national level,
are men.
* Women make up only about 15% of U.S. military personal.
Violence against women and men is a widespread problem linked to how a society defines gender.
* Sexual harassment mostly victimizes women because our culture encourages men to be assertive and to see women in sexual terms.
* Pornography portrays women as sexual objects. Many see pornography as a moral issue; because pornography dehumanizes women, it is also a power issue.